Reflection Paper on Organization Behavior Free Essays

kiwiberry2900 3/9/2013 MGMT 541 Self-reflection paper Motivation Motivation represents psychological processes that cause arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed. There are substantial positive relations between job characteristics, satisfaction, and motivation. Job characteristics of Variety and Task Significance were found to be particularly important to employee satisfaction and motivation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Paper on Organization Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are examples that almost everyone will encounter in real life: Job design and job enrichment My work experience when I was in Shanghai was with the Taxation Bureau. Initially I was assigned general work in the department such as doing tax registration for the new companies and I wasn’t motivated. The job was simple, just checking and cataloging all of the documents that the company representatives provided, and giving them the application forms. I also answered related questions and followed up after the companies with the tax license were sanctioned. At this job position, the skill varieties were very limited. The routine work was just following the rules and did not need any professional judgment. After a month or so, I felt bored. Besides the skill variety, the job also lacked autonomy. Sometimes I just went out for some reason, probably there were several company representatives were waiting for me, while other time there is nobody show up in a whole day. As a young woman, I can’t further myself in the job, anyone can do it. I had no progress, no satisfaction about the job and no intrinsic motivation. Although the tasks were significant to the whole bureau, it is hard to see our bigger function of the organization. In the end, after I pleased the human resources department several times, I was allowed to join another department. A lot of young people did not like to be fixed on a general position which would not allow them to accumulate the professional experience and explore the deep side of the field, and that often makes a problem in the hierarchical organization. Equity theory The Shanghai Taxation Bureau in which I had worked for more than 10 years is a hierarchical organization including a lot of levels. It is the administrative and management body that carries out the state’s taxation activities within the administrative jurisdiction of Shanghai Municipality. Its main functions and responsibilities include implementing state taxation laws, regulations and codes, researching and formulating tax development plans and annual work plans for local taxation. The administrative position involves supervising every month’s tax declaration and collection and making sure the money will be transferred into the state treasury according to the related laws, regulations and codes. There are 26 branches attached to the taxation bureau, and over 10000 employees working in the shanghai taxation bureau. Big organizations necessitate more comparison between people, or between branches. People from every section seek to get equal benefits out of their input. There are a lot of couples in Shanghai taxation bureau. So if some branches gave the bonus to their employees, everyone in the whole system knew it. And afterwards other departments will mimic the policy to motivate theirs. That reflected the equity theory. From the equity theory, an individual’s motivation level is correlated to his perception of equity, fairness and justice practiced by the management. The higher an individual’s perception of fairness is, the greater their motivation level and vice versa. In the above context, I remembered that the branch leader who first gave the bonus will emphasize the special task they have completed, in order to stimulate his employees who have experienced high level hardship or difficulties. But other branches will spotlight their own achievements in the assignment, ultimately got the same bonus to protect or comfort their own morale in the workplace. In the year-end evaluation, every branch or individual will assess their own projects and achievements in the whole year and the human resource management would make overall balances and give different levels of reward. While some job positions comparatively have more opportunities to make achievements, others have less. Under that kind of situation, the management carried out the policy of job position rotation, therefore, almost every qualified employee with education history of financial and accounting would have the opportunities to rotate their positions. This policy is motivational, Extrinsic motivation and intrinsic otivation At my department people were driven by extrinsic motivation. We compared the bonus income, the benefit to others and calculated the upcoming income or vacation. We also expected to be promoted and got high level benefits. As if that is the core of our daily tasks. Sometimes we did some project according to superior’s will rather than the real infor mation to avoid offending the leader. We even did not consider whether the result was meaningful or not. Although the department management wanted to motivate the employees and gave the gift cards to everyone before the festivals, we were not satisfied. We wanted to get more benefits comparing with employees at other branches. From the theoretic framework, these are hygiene factors which would not make people satisfied. Sometimes we got into research projects and worked with the other teammates. These were independent projects. The person in charge the project totally explained the purpose of the project and we felt we got involved and engaged. We were empowered to use our own way to collect data, analyze it, and draw the conclusion. We felt very satisfied in these projects. We cooperated with each other, attracted by the task, and we can focus solely on the project without complicated interpersonal relationships inside of this kind of temporary group. Further more, it was different from our routine job, which gave us the opportunity to widen our view, enrich the job content, therefore satisfying all the teammates. This arrangement is like intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for reward. Leadership From my experience, people want to motivate each other. He should build up himself first, has a long-term vision about the organizations, sets a goal for himself, matches the big environment and has the necessary ability or expertise in some area. Then he should also be authorized to be a leader. He may use his social skill and other ability and management resources to motivate people, and bring them together to a higher level. In my personal experience, I met good leaders as well as bad leaders. When I was a volunteer in a nonprofit organization at Chicago, I was elected as a member of the board of trustees. In this setting, the president is our board leader and he displayed a typical bad leader profile. First of all, he is not a role model. He should have a positive attitude, and be supportive to every volunteer, but unfortunately he always escaped working hard and treated other volunteers like slaves. Secondly, he did not consider the opinions of other board members, he liked to be self-centered and lack of empathy. This character embodied in his schedule and his arrangement. He had no expert power, his personality is awful and he even played tricks in the nonprofit organization, which made everybody astonished. Now he had lost in the election for the board members. Admittedly, the situation above is very unique. Generally most authorized leaders have some attractive traits such as self-awareness, self-confidence, social skills and persuasive abilities. At the same time, they fully understand the organization goals. But different leaders have their own personal features. My friend Fan is a director of the audit department. I had been in his department for 3 years, and we became friends in the end. Fan is a veteran, he had little professional knowledge in auditing, but he knew management well. His job is to motivate all the auditing group leaders and auditors. He used his legitimate power at first to assign tasks to every group. After the tasks were finished, he gave all the evaluation report to every group with the help of his assistant. At the same time, he used his reward and referent power. He always kept the department on the way of organizational goal, showed his positive attitude, gave everybody most extent of autonomy. He also used his personal relationship to strive for the best interest of our department. That is why he got everyone’s respect. In his department, morale is very high. Nobody wanted to leave. Ahthough Fan is a good leader in most aspects except his professional knowledge, he can’t exert his expert power in his leadership. A great leader is a natural leader, who can exert his idealized influence power to his followers, and help to set common goals for the whole organization, incorporate, motivate followers, have them a clear picture of the future, make them active beyond the call of the duty. Bibliography Kreitner, Robert, and Angelo Kinicki. Organizational Behavior. Boston, MA: Irwin/McGraw- Hill, 1998. Print. â€Å"Equity Theory of Motivation. † Equity Theory of Motivation. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Welcome to Shanghai Municipal Office of State Administration of Taxation. † Shanghai Municipal Office of State Administration of Taxation. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. W. Chan Kim. â€Å"Fair Process Managing in the Knowledge Economy. † (n. d. ): n. pag. Web. How to cite Reflection Paper on Organization Behavior, Papers

Personal Response to Harlem By Langston Hughes Essay Example For Students

Personal Response to Harlem By Langston Hughes Essay Personal Response to Harlem By Langston Hughes BY Mranance87 In 2011 a study was done and what they found was that approximately one out of every three Americans felt unfulfilled in life. With further research showing that most of the participants retained the feeling due to not living to their fullest potential, the conclusion can be made that not following your dreams can create some emotional distress. The poem Harlem by Langston Hughes in 1951 projected a similar theory asking the question What happens to a dream deferred? After reading the poem I began to question a lot of the dreams I have had to push aside or forget about. As a fan of Langston Hughes I believe the poem is meant to create a positive image about creating a dream and pursuing that dream until it becomes reality. The poem Harlem questions the consequences of a deferred dream. The idea of opening the poem with the question is, in my opinion a way to get the reader to think and create a connection to their own life. After reading this poem a few times, I began to look back at my life and realize all of the dreams and goals IVe had to postpone or give up on. The important unseen part of this poem is that Hughes never specifies on the type of dreams being deferred. There may only be a small percentage of the worlds population who can truthfully say they have fully lived their dreams, and for the rest of the people at least once a dream has had to be pushed aside. In the second and third lines of the poem the use of metaphors are introduced by asking Does it dry u like a raisin in the sun? The question itself paints a picture ofa dream being forgotten about after being left outside in the sun. The image of a moment when the Juice and life of the dream vanishes, sucked away and crumpled proposes a negative aspect to the forgotten dream. I feel as though Hughes is placing a metaphorical timeline on a dream that has Just been developed. Even though some readers might not agree, the idea of having a select period of time in which the individual can fulfill each dream does make sense. In a specific instance of a child dreaming of becoming a doctor most will agree that the child needs to commit to a focus on education in order to get into medical school. As the poem progresses the images and comparisons made evoke more emotion from the reader. The poem suggests that if the dream does not dry up it could fester like a sore and then run. The effects of an unfulfilled dreams could become frustrating and the external wound would be a constant reminder of the things you have not yet accomplished. In the twenty-six years I have been living, I have encountered more complications than most people my age and these issues have not allowed me to live out my dreams. I constantly find myself thinking of what I could have accomplished had I been provided with some consistency and security in life. I have always wanted to be a wealthy businessman due to the fact that I enjoy finance nd because I love working with people. My forgotten dreams have taken a major effort gets put in the outcome will always be the same. The harmful effects of not completing your dreams becomes more explicit as the poem continues. The speaker asks if the dream deferred stinks like rotten meat. It reinforces the previous idea that if you leave a dream unfulfilled long enough it will eventually begin to fester and rot like meat. The impression that a dream has the possibility to become rotten is a thought-provoking concept. In a sense the dream could begin to rot in the persons ind or heart, which would cause them to become ill, or the rotting dream could begin to create a stench that refuses to be ignored. The odor of the rotting dream becomes a constant reminder of what c ould have been accomplished in life. This poem has made me realize that I have my own rotting dreams that I have yet to clean up. .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 , .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .postImageUrl , .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 , .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451:hover , .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451:visited , .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451:active { border:0!important; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451:active , .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451 .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1beea4cb07929d769ad75b5b1a488451:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ben Franklin Essay Older WomenWhen I was a freshman in high school I bought myself a 1966 Chevy Malibu, with the dreams of restoring the car and owning it my entire life. The car itself was in poor condition and was fairly cheap but I did not care, I spent countless hours sitting in nd working on that car but in the end my step-mother kicked me out on my own and kept my car. Now that I am older I realize that the dream was not destroyed when she took my car because there will always be another car to restore and that realization is what keeps the rotting dream from making me sick. Now that Hughes has described the foulness that can be a forgotten dream, the poem begins to talk about the lighter, but still damaging effects of not carrying out a dream. The speaker implies that if the dream does not begin to rot it could crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet. I thought this line was a very important piece of the poem because it imposes the thought of the forgotten dream forming a solid crust around it as if it was a protective shell. The longer the dream has been forgotten about the harder the crust becomes, making accomplishing the dream a great deal harder. This line hit close to my heart because I look at the pieces of my life that caused my dreams to become forgotten and it causes me to lose focus on the important things. The second stanza contains the line Maybe it Just sags like a heavy load? This question seems to suggest the idea of the dream becoming heavier ver time, which in turn weighs down the dreamer. The picture of a person carrying a heavy object shows the struggle of leaving a dream on your back that causes you to move through life with a sluggish pace. The fact that Hughes used the word maybe forces that this line is not a question but more of a personal suggestion. This suggestion indicates that the dream could become hard to tolerate due to the mental uncertainty that could lead people to ask what if questions. The one and only question of what if can drive a person insane if asked long enough due to the fact hat no matter what the individual does they cannot go back in time and redo the moment. The idea behind what if has gotten to the best of me when I think about losing my mother. My mother had not been a major part of my life because of her ways of living but in 2009 we reconnected and began talking. I was only given a few years to know my mother the way a son is supposed to but I know that If I keep asking myself the same question I will not be able to succeed in life, which is all my mother would have wanted. The last line in the poem asks the reader their opinion on the otion being that, if none of the previous questions affects happened, would the dream Just explode. The last line provides a worst case scenario in which the dream damage to the person than if they had attempted to accomplish the dream and failed, due to the fact that it could never be pieced back together. If the deferred dream did explode it would be completely destroyed and all hope would be lost. This line is more powerful than the others because it has a deeper message behind it, which is in my opinion that a person must at least attempt to follow their dreams ecause if not the dream w ill only become destructive. This poem is incredibly complex and extremely well written because it can create an infinite amount of opinions from the different readers. As simple as it may seem to create a dream, fulfilling that dream can develop into lifelong battle. There are many different ways a dream can become deferred but in the opinion of Hughes there are only a few ways that dream go once pushed aside. When all is said and done, I believe it is the individuals priority to create a dream and spend every chance they can on living out their dreams.

Heart Of Darkness Essay Research Paper Comparison free essay sample

Heart Of Darkness Essay, Research Paper Comparison of Coppola # 8217 ; s movie # 8220 ; Apocalypse Now # 8221 ; and Conrad # 8217 ; s novel # 8220 ; Heart of Darkness. # 8221 ; Francis Ford Coppola # 8217 ; s movie of horror in Vietnam, Apocalypse Now, borrows its narrative construction from Joseph Conrad # 8217 ; s fresh Heart of Darkness. Basically, Coppola transported the 19th century narrative of personal corruption to the jungles of 20th century Vietnam. The consequence of this alteration in scene is inherently tied to the alteration of clip and the political state of affairs, and, while there are a great many similarities between the two narrations, Coppola # 8217 ; s film portrays a much darker, and more baleful version of the novel. Conrad # 8217 ; s novel is set in the 19th century Belgian Congo, and focuses on the character of Charles Marlow, an experient crewman who has been hired by a European trading company as a captain of one of their steamboats. His employer requires Marlow to go up the river and happen Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Of Darkness Essay Research Paper Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kurtz, another employee of the trading company that the place office believes is assisting himself to company-owned tusk. The scene of Coppola # 8217 ; s movie contrasts aggressively with the scene of Conrad s novel. The movie is set in 20th century Southeast Asia, and depicts the confusion, force, fright, and bloodcurdling lunacy of the Vietnam War. The focal point of the movie is on Captain Benjamin Willard, who is a hired bravo in the American armed forces. Like Marlow, Willard is sent by his employer to happen another employee, Colonel Walter E. Kurtz, who has gone huffy. Coppola # 8217 ; s Kurtz, like Conrad # 8217 ; s, is an complete adult male, and a # 8220 ; distinguished operations Commander in the Special Forces # 8221 ; ( Cahir 181 ) , but, he is believed to hold gone wholly insane. He runs his ain private ground forces in the Kampuchean jungle, and is worshiped as a God by a native folk. He is charged with put to deathing Vietnamese intelligence agents, who he believes were dual agents. Even though Colonel Kurtz s military personnels are successful in contending the North Vietnamese, hi s methods are considered to be unsound. Willard # 8217 ; s mission is more terrible than Marlow # 8217 ; s. While Marlow enterprises to convey Kurtz back to civilisation, Willard # 8217 ; s mission is to assassinate Colonel Kurtz. This difference is declarative of the alteration in puting. Marlow, in the 19th century Congo, is faced with the fact that, merely beneath the veneer of civilisation, humanity # 8217 ; s built-in nature is crude and capable of great corruption ; nevertheless, he is besides cognizant of the corruption of European imperialism. He is faced with a pick of incubuss. A personal crisis afflicts Marlow when he realizes that the company director has no existent expostulation to the # 8220 ; ceremonials # 8221 ; in which Kurtz has been take parting, other so disrupting the normal trade dealingss with the indigens. He is faced with corruption on one manus, and beastliness on the other. However, Marlow remains moral, rational and sane, which contrasts with Willard s personality. The curious political a nd cultural fortunes of the Vietnam War transform what might hold been a normal adult male in different fortunes, into a inhuman slayer. While Marlow contrasts aggressively against Kurtz as a moral adult male, Captain Willard is non a great moral betterment over Colonel Kurtz. We see Willard at the beginning of the movie, holed up in a Saigon hotel, in a status of both physical and religious corruption ( Grieff 189 ) . It is as if Coppola is stating that the adult male, who would hold been normal in the 19th century, has been changed radically by the Vietnamese War. Marlow # 8217 ; s first halt in the Congo is at the authorities place at the oral cavity of the river. At this point, Conrad shows his readers the horrors caused by European imperialism. Enslaved indigens are bound to each other by Fe neckbands and ironss: # 8220 ; A batch of people, largely black and bare, moved about like emmets # 8221 ; ( Conrad 18 ) . Marlow realizes that these people were non enemies or felons, but victims of the conscienceless imperial system that transformed people into # 8220 ; black shadows of disease and famishment, lying confusedly in the light-green somberness # 8221 ; ( Conrad 20 ) . In the thick of all this agony, Marlow encounters a white adult male who stands out because of his unexpected elegance of get-up ( Conrad, 21 ) . This # 8220 ; miracle # 8221 ; is the company # 8217 ; s main comptroller. Similarly, Willard has a first halt, in which he has a rendezvous with the Air Cavalry, his bodyguards to the Nung River. Like Marlow, Willard is besides confronted with the horrors caused by Western imperialism ; nevertheless, because of the demands of war, the United States has mobilized formidable war machinery to set up laterality over people in grass huts. Rather so enslaving the people for capitalist intents as they did in the 19th century, the concerns of the 20th century in Southeast Asia dictate their deceases. The indigens, who are seemingly unarmed, are randomly slaughtered. Once more, it is clear how the dictates of the scene of the Vietnam War have â€Å"upped the ante† when it comes to darkness. The US Air Cavalry has its ain # 8220 ; miracle # 8221 ; in the signifier of Lieutenant Colonel Bill Kilgore ( Cahir 181 ) . Like the immaculate company comptroller, in Conrad s novel, Kilgore moves unhurt and untasted through the explosive horror ( Cahir 181 ) ; nevertheless, merely as in Heart of Darkness, when Marlow waits at the 2nd outstation for his steamer to be repaired, Willard has a job, excessively: there are merely two points where adequate H2O can be drawn to come in the Nung, and both of these are # 8220 ; hot, # 8221 ; that is, they are being held by the Viet Cong ( Cahir 181 ) . Kilgore # 8217 ; s occupation is to take the best site, launch an onslaught, and present Willard and his board safely to its finish. Kilgore chooses the site because it has the best beach for surfing. His choppers move in while Wagner # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Flight of the Valkyries # 8221 ; plays over the speaker units. The scene shows sheer lunacy and, yet, it conjures up inquiries that h ave deductions refering to imperialism. Merely as Marlow had to contemplate the actions of his fellow Europeans as he watched the indigens in bonds, this scene from Apocalypse Now creates inquiries such as, # 8220 ; What are the moral deductions of imperialism? What is acceptable human behavior? And do we all harbor a secret # 8216 ; captivation with the abomination? # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Cahir 185 ) . In both plants, the supporter journeys up a river to research these inquiries ; nevertheless, Coppola carries the procedure a measure farther. His supporter, Willard, right at the beginning of the movie, has already been changed irrevocably by the actions that he has had to take as a military bravo. His journey into the bosom of darkness Begins in a sleazy and begrimed hotel room in Saigon. He is imbibing and intentionally eschewing the outside universe. He is haunted by the memories of his earlier workss. The deranged province of his head is clearly apparent when, during a manic, spastic, half-nude dance in his room, he punches and breaks the mirror, bloodies his fist and wipes the bright, ruddy blood all over his face and bare organic structure. On the contrary, the 19th century puting in Conrad # 8217 ; s book did non hold such an consequence on Marlow. It is Marlow # 8217 ; s professionalism as a crewman, and his act of making himself through honing his trade that gives Marlow the necessary unity and strength to defy evil and, finally, to last his African ordeal, more or less with his mind integral ( Grieff 188 ) . In decision, we observe that a certain clip and epoch can hold a great impact on a individual s whole value system. In Marlow # 8217 ; s universe, his society may hold taken actions that he does non excuse but Marlow, himself, is non asked to go against his ain moral centre. Willard, on the other manus, must kill Colonel Kurtz and, in this, lies the chief difference between the two clip periods. Though Coppola is confirming Conrad # 8217 ; s chef-doeuvre, demoing the # 8220 ; bosom of darkness # 8221 ; that exists in humanity, he is besides implying, through his pick of puting and clip, that the procedures of civilisation in the intervening old ages have brought us closer to the inkiness, and we are stealing of all time closer towards that atrocious darkness, depicted in Conrad s novel. Bibliography Cahir, Linda C. # 8220 ; Narratological analogues in Joseph Conrad # 8217 ; s Heart of Darkness and Francis Ford Coppola # 8217 ; s Apocalypse Now, # 8221 ; Literature Film Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1992, pp. 181-187. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 3rd erectile dysfunction. New York: Norton, 1988. Greiff, Louis K. # 8220 ; Soldier, crewman, surfboarder, chef: Conrad # 8217 ; s moralss and the borders of Apocalypse Now, # 8221 ; Literature Film Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1992, pp. 188-198.

Demora de petición de ciudadano para sus padres

Demora de peticià ³n de ciudadano para sus padres El tiempo de demora en la tramitacià ³n de esta solicitud puede variar desde apenas 6 meses, para los casos en los que no hay problemas migratorios,   a ms de 10 aà ±os. Incluso a veces es imposible. Solamente los  ciudadanos americanos mayores de 21 aà ±os  pueden pedir la tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card para su padre y para su madre.   En este artà ­culo se explican las siguientes situaciones, que son las que dan lugar a estas cuatro  diferencias en el tiempo de tramitacià ³n: Padre o madre en Estados Unidos y que puede ajustar su estatusprogenitor en USA pero no puede ajustar estatuspadres fuera del paà ­s sin problemas de inadmisibilidad y padres en otro paà ­s con castigo pendiente. Tambià ©n se explica dà ³nde buscar la à ºltima informacià ³n sobre demoras en la pgina oficial del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y situaciones especiales como cundo un ciudadano jams puede pedir a sus padres. Demora de peticià ³n de padre o madre en EEUU y que pueden ajustar su estatus En este caso, se envà ­a la peticià ³n I-130 con toda la documentacià ³n adicional y, al mismo tiempo, la I-485, para el ajuste de estatus. Cuando se solicita el ajuste de estatus se puede presentar tambià ©n la peticià ³n de permiso de trabajo y de advance parole que permite viajar fuera del paà ­s, si asà ­ se desea. Es fundamental que una vez que se  inician los trmites   no se salga de Estados Unidos sin ese permiso para viajar. Los tiempos de tramitacià ³n van a ser dos: primero el de aprobacià ³n del I-130, que es la peticià ³n, que va a depender del lugar de tramitacià ³n.ly una vez que se obtiene el OK, se va a proceder  con la solicitud de ajuste de estatus. Es fundamental saber si se puede ajustar el estatus o no. Ahà ­ est la gran diferencia. Si se puede se est ante uno de los tipos de peticià ³n de green card ms rpidos. Si no se puede, es una pesadilla que puede demorarse aà ±os o, incluso, en la prctica resultar imposible porque obliga a la separacià ³n de familias por muchos aà ±os. Antes de enviar los papeles asesorarse con un buen abogado. Demora de peticià ³n de padres en EEUU y que no pueden ajustar estatus Y es que si el pap o la mam para el que se piden los papeles est ilegalmente en el paà ­s y llegà ³ cruzando ilegalmente la frontera, hay un problema grave ya que no se puede ajustar el estatus. En estos casos aunque se apruebe el I-130 se va a tener que salir del paà ­s para acabar el trmite. Esto incluye ir a una entrevista en una embajada o consulado de los Estados Unidos en otro paà ­s y aquà ­ va a surgir un problema por la presencia ilegal al aplicarse el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os.   Una vez que se sale de Estados Unidos y se tiene que cumplir ese castigo, en algunos casos se podr pedir con à ©xito un perdà ³n. Lo que sà ­ es importante es entender que si se cruza de nuevo ilegalmente la frontera hacia Estados Unidos se va a tener el castigo de la prohibicià ³n permanente. Por lo tanto, si se est en uno de esos casos, antes de iniciar el proceso entender bien quà © puede ir mal, en particular, verificar si serà ­a posible pedir un perdà ³n provisional por presencia ilegal   en casos de dureza extrema y que se otorga antes de salir de Estados Unidos. Otra solucià ³n, en el caso de   los familiares indocumentados de ciudadanos americanos que sirven en el  Ejà ©rcito,  Guardia Nacional, Reserva o Veteranos, serà ­a verificar si se puede solicitar un  Parole in Place. Si la mam o el pap estn fuera de USA y no hay causa de inadmisiblidad En estos casos hay dos partes muy bien diferenciadas. Primero el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Naturalizacià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) tiene que aprobar la peticià ³n I-130. Y una vez que lo hace envà ­a los papeles al Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). A partir de aquà ­ todavà ­a el proceso se va a demorar unos meses ya que hay que ir entregando al NVC documentacià ³n segà ºn la va pidiendo.   Adems, hay que pasar el examen mà ©dico y, finalmente acudir a la entrevista en la Embajada o Consulado. En este punto, algunos son ms rpidos que otros, ya que depende del nà ºmero de aplicaciones que tengan y de la cantidad de cà ³nsules destinados en ese puesto. No vender propiedades ni dejar el trabajo hasta que se tiene la aprobacià ³n de la visa de inmigrante. Una vez que se obtiene la aprobacià ³n, esto es, despuà ©s de la entrevista, se dispondr de seis meses para ingresar a Estados Unidos. Una vez que se llega a un puerto de entrada migratorio (aeropuerto, puerto o frontera terrestre) un oficial de Inmigracià ³n sella el pasaporte y ese sello equivale a una green card hasta que se recibe una tarjeta fà ­sica por correo. Padre o madre fuera de Estados Unidos y hay causa de inadmisibilidad La tarjeta de residencia se puede negar por ms de 40 razones. Es lo que se conoce como causas de inadmisibilidad. En estos casos hay un problema que en ocasiones se podr solucionar dejando pasar el tiempo o pidiendo y obteniendo un perdà ³n y habr casos en los que no ser posible, a pesar de tener un hijo ciudadano. En muchas ocasiones el problema viene ocasionado por estancia ilegal en Estados Unidos que provoca el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os   y/o deportacià ³n. En estos casos lo sensato es consultar con un abogado experto y sincero y analizar si se est en condiciones de solicitar con à ©xito un perdà ³n, que en algunos paà ­ses se conoce como permiso o waiver.  ¿Cà ³mo se miran los tiempos de procesamiento del USCIS? En esta pgina oficial se va hasta la parte inferior y se elige el centro de procesamiento que, segà ºn la carta que se recibià ³ del USCIS, es la encargada de decidir sobre el caso.   Elegir el Centro de Servicio correcto (Vermont, Texas, California o Nebraska) y hacer click. Se abre otra pgina y buscar el documento I-130, peticià ³n para pariente extranjero y buscar la opcià ³n adecuada: peticià ³n de un ciudadano de EE.UU para un cà ³nyuge, un padre o un nià ±o menor de 21 aà ±os. Y ahà ­ se ve el tiempo que se est demorando en tramitarse. En la actualidad est en torno a los cinco meses. Despuà ©s, si se ajusta el estatus, se procesa esa parte en otro centro (Oficina de Campo) y se verifica de igual manera cunto se demora en esa misma pgina oficial. Recordar que el documento que hay que buscar es I-485 solicitud para registrar la residencia permanente o para ajustar el estado. Si, por el contrario, es un procedimiento consular, calcular entre otros cinco y siete meses, de media para finalizar el proceso. A dà ­a de hoy, aunque puede haber importantes diferencias segà ºn las oficinas de tramitacià ³n, el proceso de principio a fin deberà ­a tomar menos de un aà ±o. Entre los seis y los doce meses es una estimacià ³n razonable, que va a depender de los lugares de tramitacià ³n. A tener muy en cuenta en peticiones de ciudadanos para sus padres Adems de tener 21 aà ±os, es necesario cumplir todos los dems requisitos para patrocinar, como por ejemplo, tener recursos econà ³micos suficientes. Asimismo, tener presente que en las peticiones del padre o de la madre no se puede incluir a los hermanos del solicitante. Por ejemplo, si un ciudadano pide a su mam, no puede aà ±adir en la misma planilla a un hijo de esa madre de ninguna edad. Para estas personas la solucià ³n es que el ciudadano realice otra peticià ³n para su hermano, que tarda mucho tiempo o que una vez que la mam o el pap se conviertan en residentes, estos realicen una peticià ³n ese hijo/a. Y, finalmente, los ciudadanos americanos que obtuvieron originalmente sus papeles por medio del programa de Inmigrantes Especiales Juveniles no pueden jams pedir los papeles para ninguno de sus padres.   Informacià ³n migratoria confiable Para resolver dudas e inquietudes lo mejor es estar informado directamente por el organismo oficial que lleva un asunto determinado. Para ello se ha recopilado esta lista de telà ©fonos y pginas webs a los que acudir para resolver distintos problemas migratorios. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Tesco PLC. Company Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tesco PLC. Company Analysis - Essay Example Since 1997, Tesco has recorded tremendous growth making it the leading food retailer in the United Kingdom (Quelch 2010, p.1). This was spearheaded by good leadership under CEO Terry Leahy who emphasized on innovation and customer satisfaction (Quelch 2010, p.2). One of the main issues that are of great concern is inability of Tesco plc to penetrate in United States market despite the market having only few competitors such as Raphs, Vons, Albertsons and Stater Brothers. This is despite the company’s strategies to send 50 managers to learn more about the market and come up with appropriate procedures to penetrate them The main objective is to analyze if it is important for the company to go ahead with the market penetration process or it’s supposed to withdraw from the market as profits obtained cannot be compared with the investment that the company used i.e. $700 in order to position itself in the market (Quelch 2010, p.2). The predecessors such as Sainsbury, Marks and Spencer had to sell their ownership to other business as they found the market unfavorable for the business to thrive. As a result, one of the main objectives of the paper will be coming up with the appropriate conclusion on if it is profitable to venture in United States market or the business. It will also try to analyze why many retailers withdraw from the United States market. Tesco Company has experience on various markets. The company is the major retailer in United Kingdom with branches in Hungary, Ireland, and France etc. This gives the company a variety of strategies to select from in order to penetrate the US market (Quelch 2010, p.3). On the other hand major weakness that this knowledge has is that it makes it hard for the company to select the appropriate strategy to apply in the US market. This is because different markets react differently on the entry strategies applied by the companies. Tesco companies have large financial reserves that can

Contract Management for IT company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contract Management for IT company - Essay Example Moreover, in this similar regard, any contract management process is also renowned as a practice where the parties of the contract ensure both time and cost effective accomplishment of the purposes of the contact. A contract has the task of assuring the aspect that the operations of business are executed as per the terms and conditions mentioned in the contract amid the contract manager and the company (Rendon 2009). Contextually, this particular report will mainly highlight the accountability of a contract manager in case of supply of an IT project while dealing with the terms and conditions of a contractual agreement. With regard to the management of contract within the project, the project manager or the contract manager in this case will need to be quite aware of all the legal obligations that can hamper validity and enforceability of the contract. Contextually, some of the aspects that the contract manager will need to assure include certifying proper validity of the contract through proceeding systematically while entering the contract. In this context, it can be stated that the contract manager will need to ensure proper execution of offer, acceptance and settlements of the terms and conditions while framing the contract. The contract manager will also need to analyse the potential areas within the contract which might result in disputes or conflicts and devise his/her move accordingly. The contract manager in charge of framing the contract for an IT project will also need to be familiar with other legal provisions in contracting with suppliers from other nations outside the European Union. This will ensure better results in the contract management process. These aspects are described in details hereunder. It is evident that a contract is a particular agreement amid two or more parties where each of the parties will be liable to adhered to the terms and conditions of the contract. A contract is generally entered amid two

A study on pathological gambling as an addiction

A study on pathological gambling as an addiction It has been found that between 70 to ninety percent of adults gamble at some point in their life. (Ladoucer, 1991). These figures are from Canada but can be genralised to most developed civilisations. According to the DSM criteria pathological gambling is am impulse control disorder, which is displayed by a persistent and uncontrolled gambling, failure to stop gambling, feeling withdrawal symptoms and uneasiness when not aloud to take part in a gambling activity and finally increased gambling. (ref). The increased availability of gambling opportunities often makes this a hard condition to recover from, as well as increasing the amount of people suffering from pathological gambling(ref). Pathological gambling causes the obvious financial problems (ref), but like any other addiction it causes social problems as well (ref). Along with this pathological gambling has been linked in some cases to higher rates of suicide attempts (ref). Pathological gambling is classified as a behavioural addiction, rather than a chemical addiction. Although seemingly different these both manifest in the same way, that is the enduring engagement in uncontrolled self-destructive behaviour, despite its negative consequences (ref). There are many different theories of behavioural addiction, in particular pathological gambling and how it should be treated, which will be critically reviewed and considered. It would seem that in the seemingly distant past psychodynamic approaches such as those put forward by Freud and Bergler were prevalent. Since then many approaches and theories to the causes of pathological gambling have been found, these models include; the medical model, some behavioural models, psychological models, cognitive behavioural approaches and of coarse biological, physiological and models of personality. Some of these models are reviewed and considered in greater depth. To start with psychodynamic approaches will be looked at. As is commonly known amongst academic community, these approaches are relatively old, mostly carried out in the early 1900s. Due to the age of these theories and the pace at which theories are changed these psychodynamic approaches may seem quite irrelevant. It is important to gain an understanding of this area as some theories take a basis from psychodynamic approaches. According to the psychodynamic approach, gambling is a way of expressing feelings connected with the pre-genital psychosexual stages (Greenson). In true psychodynamic style pathological gamblers often feel that they have been denied the attention and love they deserved from their parents and as a result need erotic satisfaction, which in tern seems to create a need for excitement and pleasure, as well as a promise of gain. According to psychodynamic theories gambling caters for these needs (Simmel 1920). So in a nut shell gambling is a substitute for feelings of subconscious sexual conflicts. Arguably the founder of psychodynamics, Freud (1928), reported that gamblers do not play to win money, quite the opposite. In fact Freud states that gamblers gamble to loose in order to provide a self-inflicted punishment for the guilt carried with an over compulsion to masturbate, which can be related to an Oedipal conflict. This idea put forward by Freud seems quite masochistic, in the way that that the gambler is actually taking part to loose and there for punish themselves. Bergler (1967) agreed with Freud in the respect that a gambler unconsciously desires to lose. Bergler had a different opinion on why compulsive gamblers get addicted. This is that in their unconscious they dislike authority figures, who during childhood, made them consider the reality pleasure instead of the pleasure principle. These could be parental figures or teachers. This unconscious feeling causes them to try and almost rebel against the people who support the reality p rinciple as well as he principle its self, this in turn causes a need to punish themselves as a bi-product of having too much built up unconscious aggression. So far only the very surface of the psychodynamic approach towards pathological gambling has been looked at. In summary according to the psychodynamic approach there seems to be three ideas to explain pathological gambling an unconscious substitute for pre-genital libidinal and aggressive outlets associated with Oedipal conflicts, a desire for punishment in reaction to the guilt, and a means for recurrent re-enactments, but not resolutions, of the conflict (Allcock, 1986, p. 262). So these being the main ideas a treatment plan can be called upon. Treatments of pathological gamblers offered by the psychodynamic approach are concerned with the narcissistic personality and the related characteristics. Psychoanalysis has been used in an attempt to try and help pathological gamblers, but in most cases have failed. Berglers (1957) study is one of the more classic studies and showed a 75% rate of success. This though was only based on 30% of the overall group looking for treatment, meaning that it was in fact a lot lower than 75%. Another issue is the lack of follow up treatment given, with no information given about possible relapses. This is not the only study where this is the case. In a review Greenberg (1980) stated Effectiveness rates of gamblers treated psychoanalytically have ranked from poor to guarded optimism. This simply means that results are not very good or are shadowed by other factors, such as selection bias and lack of follow ups. It would seem that a lot of the studies and journals available to view for the psycho dynamic approach deal with small sample sizes and do not have important experimental factors, such as control groups. This causes problems with generalisability and also shows why the psychodynamic approach was disregarded as a treatment for behavioural conditions, this coupled with their lack of consideration for social factors. The next theory that will be looked at is the disease or medical model. This is often seen as a very black and white model (Blume, 1987), meaning that its ether on or off, someone either has a condition or they dont, there is no in-between. Every condition is viewed as a disease. So in terms of pathological gambling, the gambler is pathological or quite simply is not. The disease model, as the name suggests, views pathological gambling as a disease and so the cause is physiological, and pathological gamblers are often predisposed. According to Blume, being a disease, addictive conditions, such as gambling, manifests through stages of development, has signs characteristic to the condition and has symptoms, much like a disease. This is all out of the persons conscious control, not so different to the psychodynamic ideas. This concept of a disease suggest that the condition worsens, which will eventually require treatment in order to prevent worsening. It is thought that the physiological underpinning means that there is no out right cure and that it is irreversible. This means that according to the disease model that the most appropriate treatment is abstinence, similar to that of alcohol (ref). This seems like an odd treatment, as it would suggests that there is in fact no real way of recovering, just a treatment. This model is not used so much now(refbig paper), but is more of a halfway house with other theories, such as the biological explanations of pathological gambling. The biological approach to pathological gambling is, in relative terms a rather new theory. It is made up of many components to try and explain different aspects of pathological gambling. These all make the same assumption that a physiological cause is behind addiction, much like both the psychodynamic and the disease model. The first aspect with in the biological approach to be considered is that of hemispheric dysregulation (Goldstein et al, 1985). By comparing EEG patterns of recovered pathological gamblers, Goldstein observe that pathological gamblers EEG readings where similar to those of patients suffering with ADHD (Carlton and Goldstein, 1987). This means that they had a shorter attention span, frontal lobe lesions. This is also very similar to findings of alcoholism which have also led to more reported symptoms of ADHD symptoms with in the population of problem gamblers (Rugle and Melamed, 1993). This all seems very convincing, but the original 1985 study by Goldstein was only carried out on eight participants, such a small study provides problems with generalisability. Other suggestions are that it is connected to faults in the neurotransmitter systems (Blanco et al, 2000). This includes the Serotoneric system, which as the name suggests holds the function of serotonin release. If this is not functioning, to a healthy level, then psychiatric syndromes, such as impaired impulse control, can become present. This has been linked with pathological gambling (Blanco et al, 1996). Later research by Berg et al (1997) failed to support these findings, stating in the following wel used quote, risk-taking does not have a unitary neurochemical correlate. If risk-taking is a form of loss of control over impulse, it follows that impulse control is not merely a simple function of the neural serotonin systems. (p.475). Links have also be found in DNA, supporting the biological idea Perez de Castro (1999). According to Brunner et al (1993) these is a link between genetic deficit coding and impulsivity, possibly providing a good explanation. The increased release of Dopamine has also been linked to pathological gambling (Berg et al 2007), this is much like a positive reinforcement. It can though also be linked to a negative inforcment, with more gambling causing a withdrawal, which creates the release of more dopamine, not unlike that of an opiate withdrawal (Berg, 1997). The evidence for the biological approach seems quite strong. There is a few outstanding issues that need to be looked at. For example almost all of the above studies use male participants. This creates an issue as whether they can be used with women. The samples are also very small in most cases. The main problem that can be observed in all the studies in this area is whether the biological processes cause the addiction of the addiction its self, causes these biological processes. So as can be seen the medical/disease model and the biological model are both very similar but can be separated in the way that the biological model believes that pathological gambling can be treated with certain drugs. So far all models, with the exception of psychodynamic, have been based on biological internal processes. The cognitive social learning and behavioural theories are based on external and behavioural processes. The learning theories suggest that gambling is a learned behaviour that has resulted from both operant and classical conditioning. According to the behavioural view point there are a mixture of different positive reinforcement these are, the amount of money that is won (Moran, 1979), excitement gained (Brown, 1986). Obviously there are also negative reinforcement, namely the escapism that gambling can produce (Diskin, 1997). Some how though theses models dont seem complete. They can not explain punishments, like the cost of gambling, as discouraging to the gambler, which using a classic behavioural model it would be. Despite this, studies into using behavioural theories of addiction as treatment have been very successful. Behavioral treatment studies have, however, provided some of the most comprehensive treatment literature on PG. Treatments based on learning principles (i.e., behavior modification) have involved aversion therapy using physical or imaginal stimuli (Barker; Barker and Goorney), controlled gambling/behavioral counseling (Dickerson Weeks, 1979), positive reinforcement of gambling abstinence, paradoxical intention (Victor Krug, 1967), covert sensitization (Bannister and Cotler), and imaginal desensitization (McConaghy, Armstrong, Blaszczynski, Allcock, 1983). These have been administered singularly or in combination. However, due to methodological shortcomings in such studies, it is difficult to assess how effective these treatments are. Most of these treatment studies have small sample sizes and limited follow-up periods. They have unspecified or poorly operationalized dependent variables/criteria for successful outcome or treatment objectives (Allcock, 1986). Also, there is usually a lack of controlled comparisons of one treatment with another or with a placebo procedure, or combinations of several techniques are used concurrently so that identification of the active component is impossible (Blaszczynski Silove, 1995).